How to Cite Multimedia: From YouTube to Netflix
The definition of an "academic source" has expanded. Today, a documentary on Netflix, a lecture on YouTube, or a transcript from a podcast can be just as valuable as a printed journal article. However, citing these transient digital media forms requires specific protocols to ensuring validity and retrievability.
Citing YouTube and Online Video
When citing a YouTube video in AMA or similar styles, you must determine if the uploader is the creator. If a real name is available (e.g., "Bialik, M."), use it. If not, use the screen name (e.g., "AsapSCIENCE").
Crucially, you must include the URL and the Accessed Date. YouTube videos can be taken down or edited; the access date tells the reader when you viewed the content.
Format: Creator. Title of video [Video]. Platform. URL. Published Date. Accessed Date.
Streaming Services: Netflix, Hulu, and HBO
Citing a documentary or series from a streaming giant like Netflix involves crediting the directors or creators and specifying the platform. For instance, citing Black Mirror: Bandersnatch would list "Slade D." as the director and "Netflix" as the publisher/broadcaster.
Format descriptive notes are helpful here. Using terms like [Netflix streaming] or [Television series] helps the reader understand the medium immediately.
Transcripts of Broadcasts
Sometimes you are not citing the audio itself, but the text transcript of a radio show or podcast. In this case, the format changes to emphasize the text.
Example: Sound and Health: Cities [Transcript]. 99% Invisible. 99pi. May 16, 2019.
Khan Academy and Educational Platforms
Educational videos from platforms like Khan Academy are excellent resources. When citing these, treat the platform as the publisher. If the specific instructor isn't named, the corporate author "Khan Academy" suffices.
Navigating these new media types can be tricky. For a quick answer on a specific video, try asking our AI Search Guide "How do I cite a Khan Academy video?" for instant assistance.